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Effects of war
Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white American males aged 13 to 43 died in the American Civil War, including 6% in the North and 18% in the South. Of the 60 million European soldiers who were mobilized in World War I, 8 million were killed, 7 million were permanently disabled, and 15 million were seriously injured.〔Kitchen, Martin (2000),''(The Treaty of Versailles and its Consequences )'', New York: Longman〕
During Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, more French soldiers died of typhus than were killed by the Russians.〔(The Historical Impact of Epidemic Typhus ). Joseph M. Conlon.〕 Felix Markham thinks that 450,000 crossed the Neman on 25 June 1812, of whom less than 40,000 recrossed in anything like a recognizable military formation.〔See a large copy of the chart here: http://www.adept-plm.com/Newsletter/NapoleonsMarch.htm, but discussed at length in Edward Tufte, ''The Visual Display of Quantitative Information'' (London: Graphics Press, 1992)〕 More soldiers were killed from 1500-1914 by typhus than from all military action during that time combined.〔(War and Pestilence ). ''TIME''.〕 In addition, if it were not for the modern medical advances there would be thousands of more dead from disease and infection.
==On civilians==
Many wars have been accompanied by significant depopulations. During the Thirty Years' War in Europe, for example, the population of the German states was reduced by about 30%.〔(The Thirty Years War (1618–48) ), Alan McFarlane, The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap (2003)〕〔(History of Europe – Demographics ). Encyclopædia Britannica.〕 The Swedish armies alone may have destroyed up to 2,000 castles, 18,000 villages and 1,500 towns in Germany, one-third of all German towns.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Population )〕
Estimates for the total casualties of World War II vary, but most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war, including about 20 million soldiers and 40 million civilians.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.secondworldwar.co.uk/casualty.html )〕 The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people during the war, about half of all World War II casualties. The largest number of civilian deaths in a single city was 1.2 million citizens dead during the 872-day Siege of Leningrad.
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